Logo

菜单

发布于 2026-01-06 0 阅读
0

如何在 Django 中通过外部 API 填充数据库。

如何在 Django 中通过外部 API 填充数据库。

在今天的文章中，我将通过构建一个小型项目，讲解如何在 Django 中使用外部 API 向数据库填充数据。为此，我们将使用 MealDB API，https://www.themealdb.com/api.php并使用 Bootstrap 进行样式设计。

首先，创建一个新项目和虚拟环境。

django-admin startproject meal_project
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

切换到项目目录并创建一个新应用：

cd meal_project
python manage.py startapp meal_app
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

将新创建的应用添加到“settings.py”下的已安装应用列表中。

INSTALLED_APPS = [
'meal_app',
]
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

在根目录下创建一个名为“templates”的文件夹，并将其添加到“settings.py”文件中。

TEMPLATES = [
 'DIRS': [os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'templates')],
]
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

在 meal_app 中，创建一个 'urls.py' 文件，并在 'meal_project' urls.py 文件中，包含 meal_app 的 urls.py 文件的路径。

from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import include, path
urlpatterns = [
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
    path('', include ('meal_app.urls'))
]
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

在 meal_app.urls 文件中，添加视图的路径。视图中包含列表视图和详情视图。

from django.urls import  path
from product_app import views

urlpatterns = [
    path('', views.get_meals, name = "get_meals"),
    path('meals/<int:id>/',views.meal_detail, name = "meal_detail")
]
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

在模板文件夹中，创建一个名为“meals”的文件夹，并在其中创建一个名为“base.html”的文件，所有其他模板都将继承该文件。

base.html：

{% load static %}
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>Movie App</title>
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@4.5.3/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css" integrity="sha384-TX8t27EcRE3e/ihU7zmQxVncDAy5uIKz4rEkgIXeMed4M0jlfIDPvg6uqKI2xXr2" crossorigin="anonymous">
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="{% static 'css/style.css' %}">
</head>
<body>
{% block content%}
{% endblock %}

<script src = "{% static 'js/script.js' %}"></script>
<script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.5.1.slim.min.js" integrity="sha384-DfXdz2htPH0lsSSs5nCTpuj/zy4C+OGpamoFVy38MVBnE+IbbVYUew+OrCXaRkfj" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/popper.js@1.16.1/dist/umd/popper.min.js" integrity="sha384-9/reFTGAW83EW2RDu2S0VKaIzap3H66lZH81PoYlFhbGU+6BZp6G7niu735Sk7lN" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@4.5.3/dist/js/bootstrap.min.js" integrity="sha384-w1Q4orYjBQndcko6MimVbzY0tgp4pWB4lZ7lr30WKz0vr/aWKhXdBNmNb5D92v7s" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
</body>
</html>
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

然后meal.html

{% extends 'meals/base.html'%}
{% load static %}
{% block content %} 
    <div class = "container">
      <br>
      <h2 class = "text-center">Search for your favorite Meals</h2> 
      <br>
      <form method="GET">
        <input type = "text" name = "name" placeholder="Search..." class = "text-center">
        <button type = "submit" class = "btn-danger btn-sm">SEARCH MEAL</button>
      </form> 
    </div>  
{% endblock %}
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

它meal.html包含一个简单的搜索表单和一个提交按钮。

替代文字

接下来，我们需要创建一个模型，并用来自餐食数据库 API 的数据填充该模型。模型中的字段对应于 API 中我们希望填充到数据库中的特定属性。

models.py

from django.db import models

class Meal(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=50, blank = True, null = True)
    category = models.CharField(max_length=10, blank = True, null = True)
    instructions = models.CharField(max_length=4000, blank = True, null = True)
    region = models.CharField(max_length=20, blank = True, null = True)
    slug = models.SlugField(default = 'test')
    image_url = models.CharField( max_length=50, blank = True, null = True)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.name
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

我们的 API 界面如下所示：

替代文字

现在是时候迁移我们的数据库并创建数据库表了。

python manage.py makemigrations
python manage.py migrate
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

接下来，我们需要安装一个用于发出HTTP请求的Python库；

pip install requests
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

项目的主要逻辑将位于views.py.

from django.shortcuts import  render
from meal_app.models import Meal
import requests

def get_meals(request):
    all_meals = {}
    if 'name' in request.GET:
        name = request.GET['name']
        url = 
        'https://www.themealdb.com/api/json/v1/1/search.php? 
        s=%s' % name
        response = requests.get(url)
        data = response.json()
        meals = data['meals']

        for i in meals:
            meal_data = Meal(
                name = i['strMeal'],
                category = i['strCategory'],
                instructions = i['strInstructions'],
                region = i['strArea'],
                slug = i['idMeal'],
                image_url = i['strMealThumb']
            )
            meal_data.save()
            all_meals = Meal.objects.all().order_by('-id')

    return render (request, 'meals/meal.html', { "all_meals": 
    all_meals} )
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

在上述函数中get_meals，我们使用 `getSearch()` 方法获取用户在搜索框中输入的值request.GET，并将其赋值给一个变量name。然后，我们在发出 HTTP 请求时，将此变量作为搜索词传递到 URL 中。我们收到响应并将其转换为 JSON 格式。这将返回一个列表，我们将其保存到该变量中meals。

name = request.GET['name']
url = 'https://www.themealdb.com/api/json/v1/1/search.php?s=%s' % name
response = requests.get(url)
data = response.json()
meals = data['meals']
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

现在，为了将 HTTP 请求返回的列表填充到我们的数据库中，我们需要遍历列表项并将参数作为字段分配到我们的模型中。

 for i in meals:
            meal_data = Meal(
                name = i['strMeal'],
                category = i['strCategory'],
                instructions = i['strInstructions'],
                region = i['strArea'],
                slug = i['idMeal'],
                image_url = i['strMealThumb']
            )
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

然后我们将其保存到数据库中，并将其作为上下文传递给我们的模板：

from django.shortcuts import  render
from meal_app.models import Meal
import requests

def get_meals(request):
    all_meals = {}
    if 'name' in request.GET:
        name = request.GET['name']
        url = 
        'https://www.themealdb.com/api/json/v1/1/search.php? 
        s=%s' % name
        response = requests.get(url)
        data = response.json()
        meals = data['meals']

        for i in meals:
            meal_data = Meal(
                name = i['strMeal'],
                category = i['strCategory'],
                instructions = i['strInstructions'],
                region = i['strArea'],
                slug = i['idMeal'],
                image_url = i['strMealThumb']
            )
            meal_data.save()
            all_meals = Meal.objects.all().order_by('-id')

    return render (request, 'meals/meal.html', { "all_meals": 
    all_meals} )
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

之内meal,html

{% extends 'meals/base.html'%}
{% load static %}
{% block content %}
  <div class = "container">
    <div class = "text-center container">
      <br>
      <h2 class = "text-center">Search for your favorite Meals</h2> 
      <br>
      <form method="GET">
        <input type = "text" name = "name" placeholder="Search..." class = "text-center">
        <button type = "submit" class = "btn-danger btn-sm">SEARCH MEAL</button>
      </form> 
    </div> 
    <br><br>
    <div class="row">
      {% for meal in all_meals %}
        <div class="col-md-4 col-sm-6 col-lg-3">
          <div class="card">
            <img class="card-img-top" src="{{ meal.image_url }}" alt="Card image cap">
            <div class="card-body text-center">
              <p class="card-title">{{ meal.name }}</p>
              <hr>
              <p class="card-text">{{ meal.region }}</p>
              <a href="/meals/{{meal.id}}"
              ><input
                type="submit"
                value="Learn More"
                class="btn btn-danger btn-sm"
                type="button"
            /></a>
            </div>
          </div>
          <br><br><br>
        </div>
      {% endfor %}
    </div>
  </div>
{% endblock %}
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

现在，如果用户搜索某种餐点，它会在页面上显示，并自动保存到数据库中。

MEAL LIST PAGE：

替代文字

DATABASE：

替代文字

最后，我们创建一个餐食详情页面：

meal_detail.html

{% extends 'meals/base.html'%}
{% load static %}
{% block content %}

<div class = "container"> 
    <br><br>
    <div class="row"> 
        <div class="col-md-5">
          <br>
          <img class="img-fluid" src="{{ meal.image_url }}" alt="" style = "width: 90%;">
          <br><br>
          <h3 class="card-title text-center ">{{ meal.name }}</h3>
        </div> 
        <div class="col-md-7 shadow-lg p-3 mb-5 bg-white rounded">
          <h1 class="my-3">Food Description</h1>
          <p class = "lead">{{ meal.instructions }}</p>
          <h1 class="my-3">Food Details</h1>
          <ul>
            <li>{{ meal.category }}</li>
            <li>{{ meal.region }}</li>
          </ul>
        </div>
    </div>
</div>

{% endblock %}
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

在views.py

def meal_detail(request, id):
    meal = Meal.objects.get(id = id)
    print(meal)
    return render (
        request,
        'meals/meal_detail.html',
        {'meal': meal}
    )
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

现在，当我们点击Learn More按钮时，就会进入meal_details.html模板页面。

替代文字

谢谢！☺️

文章来源：https://dev.to/yahaya_hk/how-to-populate-your-database-with-data-from-an-external-api-in-django-398i
容器的作用是什么？由 Mux 主办...
React组件样式设计方法及最佳实践案例